A metal detector can cost a million euros

In Luxembourg, the use of metal detectors, as well as so-called ‘magnetic fishing’, is strictly regulated. According to a warning from the National Institute for Archaeological Research (INRA), anyone wishing to carry out such activities must complete a specialised training course and obtain official authorisation from the Ministry of Culture. Those who breach these requirements face severe financial penalties: fines range from 500 to 1,000,000 euros, depending on the severity of the offence. Where cases of illegal use of such equipment are detected, the evidence is forwarded directly to the police for investigation.

According to INRA director David Weis, there has recently been a marked increase in interest in treasure hunting to add to personal collections. The legislative framework governing this area was adopted in 2022 on the basis of a Council of Europe convention. Although Luxembourg’s regulations are less stringent than those in France, where this activity is virtually banned, they pursue clear objectives. Strict regulation is aimed at preventing the theft of cultural heritage objects, preserving archaeological records, and protecting citizens from the danger of encountering unexploded ordnance from past wars.

At the same time, many offenders are completely unaware that such legal restrictions exist. As David Weis points out, metal detectors are particularly popular amongst tourists from the Netherlands, where searching for objects on beaches is a common hobby. To legalise the hobby in Luxembourg, private individuals must complete a free training course, which is organised annually in November and takes place over two Fridays. During the sessions, participants are briefed on the legal aspects, warned about the danger of old munitions in certain regions, and taught the basics of archaeology: from identifying historical periods to the procedure to follow when valuables are discovered.

Every year, between 30 and 40 people attend these courses, although only about a third of them subsequently apply for a licence. Although cases of illegal use of the devices are still being recorded, the statistics show a decline in the number of offences in recent years. The institute’s management is particularly concerned about the sale of metal detectors designed specifically for children. As minors are not entitled to undergo training or apply for the relevant licence, their use of such equipment within the country is strictly prohibited.